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'''Youkai''' ({{lang|ja|妖怪}}) is a term mostly associated with Japanese folk creatures and [[ghost]]s.  The term can also apply broadly to anything that is a supernatural being or legend, from any culture. Because there are thousands of stories of magical beings around the world, the different types of youkai are endless. Alternatively, it is a common Japanese belief that after a certain amount of time, ordinary objects and animals gain life and personality, becoming a kind of youkai as well. In some cases even a normal human can become a youkai under the right conditions.
{{nihongo|'''Youkai'''|妖怪||"mystic apparition" or "mysterious calamity"}} is a term used to refer to Japanese folk creatures and [[ghost]]s, or to supernatural beings in general. Because there are thousands of stories of magical beings around the world, the different types of youkai are endless.
 
The term ''youkai'' is sometimes used interchangeably with {{nihongo||お化け|obake|roughly "one that takes on a form"}}, meaning things which have undergone some kind of supernatural change, beings with shapeshifting powers, or [[phantom]]s and [[ghost]]s. It is a common Japanese belief that after a certain amount of time, ordinary objects and animals gain life and personality, becoming a kind of youkai. In some cases even a normal human can become a youkai under the right conditions or vice versa.


==Youkai in Touhou==
==Youkai in Touhou==
[[Fairy|Fairies]], [[vampire]]s, [[tengu]], and [[nekomata]] are some of the many youkai that can be found in [[Gensokyo]]. Youkai such as [[satori]], [[tsuchigumo]], and many of the [[oni]] are found in [[Former Hell]].
The growth of rationalism and new explanations for strange phenomena has made it difficult for youkai to survive in the modern era - the valley of [[Gensokyo]], sealed off from the [[Outside World]] by the [[Great Hakurei Barrier]] in 1885, serves as one of their few sanctuaries. Some youkai, such as [[Mamizou Futatsuiwa]] and possibly [[Shou Toramaru]], have managed to survive in the outside world for many years, although both have since moved to Gensokyo for unrelated reasons. [[Yukari Yakumo]] is speculated by some residents of Gensokyo to be a youkai of the outside world who merely comes to Gensokyo to play, but this is just one of many rumors about her.
 
Since Gensokyo's [[human]] population is relatively small, but youkai are dependent on conflict with humans in order to survive, its inhabitants have developed a number of unique rules and customs. Among other things youkai are forbidden from killing natives of the [[Human Village]] (but not humans from the [[Outside World]], even if they find themselves in Gensokyo), and inhabitants of the Human Village are forbidden from turning themselves into youkai<ref>''[[Forbidden Scrollery]]'' chapter 25</ref>. More recently the [[Spell Card]] rules were created as a system of formal duels which de-emphasize raw power, limiting the damage that can be caused by youkai and making it easier for humans to resolve youkai [[incident]]s. While [[Reimu Hakurei|the Hakurei shrine maiden]] is officially in charge of exterminating youkai whenever they cause trouble, these "exterminations" (along with those of her colleagues) are usually nonlethal, with sealing or execution reserved only for youkai that cannot abide by the rules.
 
===Physiology===
Youkai are primarily spiritual beings rather than physical ones. As such they are more vulnerable to faith-based attacks (such as charms, wards, etc.) than to physical injuries and ailments; it's said a youkai can even recover from being cut into pieces, if the damage has insufficient "meaning" behind it. Some youkai, such as [[magician]]s, have bodies more similar to [[human]]s and may lack this ability.
 
Related to this, most youkai keep their promises once given. While a human who loses a [[Spell Card]] duel can immediately challenge the winner to another, youkai rarely do so.
 
Many youkai are stronger and longer-lived than humans, with lifespans reaching into hundreds of years or more. Marisa claims that [[Rinnosuke Morichika]], who is only [[half-youkai]], has not visibly aged since she was a child. Unlike [[Fairy|fairies]], however, they are not immortal.
 
All youkai have an innate connection to the [[Moon]]<ref>''[[Eastern and Little Nature Deity]]'': [[Fairy of the Moon]]</ref> - according to [[Yukari Yakumo]] it was the moon's dim light which gave birth to the youkai by causing humanity to fear and create legends about them,<ref>[[Cage in Lunatic Runagate/Fifth Chapter|''Cage in Lunatic Runagate'': Fifth Chapter.]] "Under the dim light of the [[moon]], all sorts of things blanket the Earth in shadows, such as grasses, trees, mountains, rocks and buildings. With light as weak as moonlight, it is impossible to eliminate these shadows. And they are the birthplace of humanity's fears, sometimes creating legends of youkai. In a manner of speaking, the moon gave birth to all youkai."</ref> while [[Kaguya Houraisan]] claims that some earthlings were turned into monsters by [[Lunarian]]'s to regulate the earth's [[Impurity|"filth"]].<ref>[[Imperishable Night/Story/Scarlet Team's Scenario 2|''Imperishable Night'': Scarlet Team's Scenario]]. "The moon gave many powers to beings of the earth. Many of them, such as magic, were originally the moon's power." "We of the moon turned some on the Earth to monsters, to regulate their filthiness..." Although "monster" uses different Japanese characters than what's used for "youkai", Kaguya's latter statement appears to be referring to youkai, as she then comments about how the humans sealed them away (Gensokyo's creation and/or the myriad of other ways that humanity sealed or lost the fear of the youkai).</ref>


Gensokyo youkai tend to live within the wilderness, far away from [[human]] settlements. Normal youkai seem to behave like wild animals, attacking humans within their territory on sight. Exceptional youkai are less common, but they often enjoy speaking to humans, and are much stronger than an ordinary Gensokyo human, one on one. These youkai are almost always humanoid in appearance, and can be quite unpredictable; friendly one moment, hostile the next.
Over time many of Gensokyo's youkai have come to take on human traits and vice versa. Youkai with human-like bodies and/or personalities have become far more common, even among normally monstrous species. However, even the most human-like youkai would still be considered strange by human standards.


Many, though not all, youkai are known to eat humans on occasion, if not on a regular basis, however a [[vampire]] contract in Gensokyo forbids the youkai there from actually eating humans from the [[human village]]. Many youkai are also stronger and live longer than an average human, with lifespans often reaching into hundreds of years (or possibly more in some cases), in addition to not aging after they get to a certain point(their appearences don't change. One common trait often seen among youkai is a weakness to various faith based and spiritual attacks, charms, wards, etc. In Gensokyo it's therefore natural for the resident [[shrine maiden]] to become involved whenever there's trouble being caused by a youkai.
===Relations with ordinary humans===
Some humanoid youkai live harmoniously with ordinary humans, especially those who frequent the Human Village. However, there are exceptions, and these youkai build up the tension between the humans and youkai. Youkai typically need humans' fear to live, which range from friendly surprises to assault threats.


However, despite the danger certain youkai present, humans and youkai can and do live together. Some, such as [[Tewi Inaba]], are even helpful to humans. Deciding if a youkai is harmful to humans or not must be done on a case by case basis.
===Society===
[[Gensokyo]] youkai tend to live within the wilderness, far away from [[human]] settlements. Most youkai are notoriously self-centered and do not travel in groups, but a number of factions exist.


While more susceptible to belief, youkai are less susceptible to things of physical nature. It is said that even if a youkai is split into five parts, they will heal right away. It seems that youkai, like [[fairy|fairies]], may not be able to die permanently; [[Hieda no Akyuu]], [[Reimu Hakurei]] and others regularly discuss 'extermination' of youkai as if it were only a temporary measure. This is likely a quirk of language, as youkai are generally known to die eventually. [[Yama]] like [[Shikieiki Yamaxanadu]] are prepared to judge youkai when they pass away, and youkai are noted to merely have a "much longer" lifespan than humans rather than an infinite one. Fairies are still an exception, however. Shikieiki notes that she normally doesn't judge fairies.
The [[tengu]] and [[kappa]] have a complex society which lays claim to the upper parts of [[Youkai Mountain]] and guards its borders jealously, though it is described by as [[Ran Yakumo]] as simply a half-hearted attempt to mimic the [[Outside World]].<ref>''[[Silent Sinner in Blue]]'' Chapter 3</ref> This society was once led by [[oni]] before they migrated to the [[Underworld]]. The tengu later formed an alliance with the gods of [[Moriya Shrine]] after it was transported to Gensokyo.


In addition to this, youkai are notoriously self-centered, and thus do not travel in groups very often. Youkai "organizations" such as the [[Scarlet Devil Mansion]] and the youkai of [[Youkai Mountain]] are noted as exceptions rather than the norm. The former are stated in [[Perfect Memento in Strict Sense]] to live a lifestyle completely different from both youkai and humans, and the latter are described by [[Ran Yakumo]] as simply a half-hearted attempt to mimic the [[outside world]] in [[Silent Sinner in Blue|Silent Sinner in Blue Chapter 3]].
The inhabitants of the [[Scarlet Devil Mansion]] have been described as living a lifestyle completely different from both youkai and humans.<ref>''[[Perfect Memento in Strict Sense]]''</ref>


It seems like Gensokyo's humans would rather do away with many youkai completely, were they able. However, today, now that mock exterminations of youkai and mock kidnappings of humans are easily executed thanks to the [[Spell Card]] rules, relations between youkai and humans have improved considerably.
While [[Hakugyokurou]] lies within the [[Netherworld]] rather than Gensokyo, travel between the two has become easier in recent years and it is frequently counted among Gensokyo's power blocs.


Due to their susceptibility to belief, it is difficult for youkai to survive in the [[outside world]] today. As stated in Akyu's monologue in ''Perfect Memento in Strict Sense'', humans of the outside world have begun to deny the youkais' existence. It is thus rare, but not impossible, for youkai to exist in the outside world. Some youkai, such as [[Mamizou Futatsuiwa]] and possibly [[Shou Toramaru]], have managed in the outside world in the present day, although those two specific examples have since relocated to Gensokyo for unrelated reasons. [[Yukari Yakumo]] is speculated by some residents of Gensokyo to be a youkai of the outside world as well who merely comes to Gensokyo to play, but this is just one of many speculations about her.
Various "hated" species of youkai such as [[satori (Species)|satori]], [[tsuchigumo]], and [[oni]] are found in the [[Underworld]]. A treaty with Gensokyo forbids surface youkai from travelling to the Underworld, in exchange for the Underworld youkai agreeing to contain [[evil spirit]]s left over from the [[Former Hell|regions that were once part of Hell]]. Underworld youkai, however, are free to travel to Gensokyo.


Supposedly, according to [[Kaguya Houraisan|Kaguya]], the [[Lunarian]]s are the originators of magic and youkai on earth, creating youkai in order to regulate the earth's 'filth'.<ref>[[Imperishable Night/Story/Scarlet Team's Scenario 2|''Imperishable Night'': Scarlet Team's Scenario]]. "The moon gave many powers to beings of the earth. Many of them, such as magic, were originally the moon's power." "We of the moon turned some on the Earth to monsters, to regulate their filthiness..." Although "monster" uses different Japanese characters than what's used for "youkai", Kaguya's latter statement appears to be referring to youkai, as she then comments about how the humans sealed them away (Gensokyo's creation and/or the myriad of other ways that humanity sealed or lost the fear of the youkai) and youkai have been reduced to "useless creatures that assault humans in predefined patterns." (spell cards).</ref> However, [[Yukari Yakumo]] has an alternate origin of youkai, saying in narrative to herself that it was the moon's dim light which gave birth to the youkai in a manner of speaking, by causing humanity to fear and create legends about them.<ref>[[Cage in Lunatic Runagate/Fifth Chapter|''Cage in Lunatic Runagate'': Fifth Chapter.]] "Under the dim light of the [[moon]], all sorts of things blanket the Earth in shadows, such as grasses, trees, mountains, rocks and buildings. With light as weak as moonlight, it is impossible to eliminate these shadows. And they are the birthplace of humanity's fears, sometimes creating legends of youkai. In a manner of speaking, the moon gave birth to all youkai."</ref> The two explanations are not entirely mutually exclusive, and may be a result of differing outlooks or parts on the matter. For example, the [[Lunarian]]s may have purposefully dimmed the [[moon]]'s light to make humanity's fears create the youkai.
The recently-founded [[Myouren Temple]] preaches an unusual brand of [[Buddhism]] which is friendly to youkai, though many of its regulars are drawn to it for non-religious reasons.
 
Since her arrival in Gensokyo, [[Mamizou Futatsuiwa]] has gathered large numbers of [[tanuki]] and [[tsukumogami]] to her side.
 
While she does not hold any position of authority, [[Yukari Yakumo]] has negotiated many deals and projects including the [[Great Hakurei Barrier]], and arguably has the most influence of any independent youkai.


===[[wikipedia:Parallel evolution|Parallel Evolution]]===
===[[wikipedia:Parallel evolution|Parallel Evolution]]===
In [[Curiosities of Lotus Asia/Chapter_18|Curiosities of Lotus Asia Chapter 18]], [[Rinnosuke Morichika]] mentions that the [[Kappa]] are often mistaken to be related to the Chinese river youkai/[[god]] known as a Kahaku. He tells [[Sakuya Izayoi]] that while they may have similar names (And presumably similar in many other ways to the point of being identical), they are two compleatly different creatures. He states that just because there’s a youkai with a similar name in an country (It is assumed this means outside the Japanese archipelago) in the outside world, to think that they are the same creature is unreasonable.
In [[Curiosities of Lotus Asia/Chapter_18|''Curiosities of Lotus Asia'' Chapter 18]], [[Rinnosuke Morichika]] mentions that the [[Kappa]] are often mistaken to be related to the Chinese river youkai/[[god]] known as a Kahaku. He tells [[Sakuya Izayoi]] that while they may have similar names (And presumably similar in many other ways to the point of being identical), they are two completely different creatures. He states that just because there’s a youkai with a similar name in a country in the outside world, to think that they are the same creature is unreasonable.


This is known in science as parallel evolution. This may also be the case of why [[Oni]] and [[Vampire]]s share portions of their name and have identical weaknesses, while they are clearly two different species of youkai. Because modern science is fairly new, similar supernatural creatures may easily be grouped up as the same thing.
This is known in science as parallel evolution. This may also be the case of why [[Oni]] and [[Vampire]]s share portions of their name and have identical weaknesses, while they are clearly two different species of youkai. Because modern science is fairly new, similar supernatural creatures may easily be grouped up as the same thing.
==Youkai in Seihou==
It's never been explicitly stated in the ''[[Seihou Project]]'' if Youkai do exist in the [[Seihou World|world of Seihou]]. However,  there are various possible candidates that could be considered to be in this bestiary because of their unusual characteristics in the series, such as: [[Muse]] (because she stylises in magic and may either be a [[god]], [[devil]] or [[vampire]]), [[Yuitia]] (because she's a [[phantom]]), [[Vivit (Erich's Daughter)|Vivit]] and [[Icarus]]. Although she's a ''[[Touhou Project]]'' character,  [[Yuuka Kazami]] is the only character to be stated as a youkai within the series.


==Characters under this Bestiary==
==Characters under this Bestiary==
''Majority of the characters in Touhou are youkai. Most belong to a specific group or is a youkai form of an animal; however there are few characters that are only known as a generic youkai such as the following.''
''While the majority of characters in Touhou are youkai, in most cases they are placed in an explicit subcategory. The following are characters who have been identified only as youkai, with their exact "species" being either unique or unstated.''
 
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
*[[Rumia]]
*[[Rumia]]
*[[Hong Meiling]]
*[[Hong Meiling]]
*[[Yukari Yakumo]]
*[[Yukari Yakumo]]
*[[Yuuka Kazami]]
*[[Yuuka Kazami]]
*[[Ichirin Kumoi]] (Assumptions have been made. She may be either a [[Wanyuudou]] or a [[Katawa-guruma]])
*[[Rinnosuke Morichika]] ([[Half-youkai]], youkai half unknown)
*[[Rinnosuke Morichika]] (also Half-[[Human]])
*[[Ichirin Kumoi]] (Possibly a [[Wanyuudou]] or [[Katawa-guruma]])
*[[Saigyou Ayakashi]] (Cherry blossom tree with youkai-like powers)
*[[Saigyou Ayakashi]] (Cherry blossom tree with youkai-like powers)
*[[Tokiko]]
*[[Tokiko]]
*[[Orange]]
*[[Orange]]
*[[Bakebake]](?) (referred to as {{nihongo|"monsters"|お化け|obake}} in ''[[Story of Eastern Wonderland]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s [[Story of Eastern Wonderland/Translation/Other|omake text file]])
*[[Evil Eye]](?)
*[[Evil Eye]](?)
*[[Hoshizako]](?)
*[[Hoshizako]](?)
*[[Hairball]](?)
*[[Kedama]](?)
*[[Unnamed Midbosses#SoEW 2nd Stage Midboss|Stage 2 Midboss]] of ''[[Story of Eastern Wonderland]]''?
*[[Noroiko]]?
*[[Unnamed Midbosses#LLS 1st Stage Midboss|Stage 1 Midboss]] of ''[[Lotus Land Story]]''?
*[[Bewitching Lotus Flower]]?
</div>


==Books and articles==
==Books and articles==
Line 48: Line 72:
==See Also==
==See Also==
*Wikipedia entry for [[wikipedia:Yokai|youkai]]
*Wikipedia entry for [[wikipedia:Yokai|youkai]]
*[http://www.obakemono.com Obakemono], an online resource on various youkai and other creatures.
*[http://yokai.com/ Yokai.com], a site listing and describing a large number of youkai.
*[http://hyakumonogatari.com/ hyakumonogatari.com] another similar site.


==References==
==References==
Line 57: Line 82:


[[Category:Bestiary]]
[[Category:Bestiary]]
[[de:Youkai]]
[[es:Youkai]]
[[fr:Youkai]]
[[fr:Youkai]]
[[pl:Youkai]]
[[pl:Youkai]]
[[ru:Ёкай]]
[[ru:Ёкай]]
[[sv:Daimon]]
[[zh:妖怪]]

Revision as of 17:04, 30 July 2020

Youkai (妖怪, "mystic apparition" or "mysterious calamity") is a term used to refer to Japanese folk creatures and ghosts, or to supernatural beings in general. Because there are thousands of stories of magical beings around the world, the different types of youkai are endless.

The term youkai is sometimes used interchangeably with obake (お化け, roughly "one that takes on a form"), meaning things which have undergone some kind of supernatural change, beings with shapeshifting powers, or phantoms and ghosts. It is a common Japanese belief that after a certain amount of time, ordinary objects and animals gain life and personality, becoming a kind of youkai. In some cases even a normal human can become a youkai under the right conditions or vice versa.

Youkai in Touhou

The growth of rationalism and new explanations for strange phenomena has made it difficult for youkai to survive in the modern era - the valley of Gensokyo, sealed off from the Outside World by the Great Hakurei Barrier in 1885, serves as one of their few sanctuaries. Some youkai, such as Mamizou Futatsuiwa and possibly Shou Toramaru, have managed to survive in the outside world for many years, although both have since moved to Gensokyo for unrelated reasons. Yukari Yakumo is speculated by some residents of Gensokyo to be a youkai of the outside world who merely comes to Gensokyo to play, but this is just one of many rumors about her.

Since Gensokyo's human population is relatively small, but youkai are dependent on conflict with humans in order to survive, its inhabitants have developed a number of unique rules and customs. Among other things youkai are forbidden from killing natives of the Human Village (but not humans from the Outside World, even if they find themselves in Gensokyo), and inhabitants of the Human Village are forbidden from turning themselves into youkai[1]. More recently the Spell Card rules were created as a system of formal duels which de-emphasize raw power, limiting the damage that can be caused by youkai and making it easier for humans to resolve youkai incidents. While the Hakurei shrine maiden is officially in charge of exterminating youkai whenever they cause trouble, these "exterminations" (along with those of her colleagues) are usually nonlethal, with sealing or execution reserved only for youkai that cannot abide by the rules.

Physiology

Youkai are primarily spiritual beings rather than physical ones. As such they are more vulnerable to faith-based attacks (such as charms, wards, etc.) than to physical injuries and ailments; it's said a youkai can even recover from being cut into pieces, if the damage has insufficient "meaning" behind it. Some youkai, such as magicians, have bodies more similar to humans and may lack this ability.

Related to this, most youkai keep their promises once given. While a human who loses a Spell Card duel can immediately challenge the winner to another, youkai rarely do so.

Many youkai are stronger and longer-lived than humans, with lifespans reaching into hundreds of years or more. Marisa claims that Rinnosuke Morichika, who is only half-youkai, has not visibly aged since she was a child. Unlike fairies, however, they are not immortal.

All youkai have an innate connection to the Moon[2] - according to Yukari Yakumo it was the moon's dim light which gave birth to the youkai by causing humanity to fear and create legends about them,[3] while Kaguya Houraisan claims that some earthlings were turned into monsters by Lunarian's to regulate the earth's "filth".[4]

Over time many of Gensokyo's youkai have come to take on human traits and vice versa. Youkai with human-like bodies and/or personalities have become far more common, even among normally monstrous species. However, even the most human-like youkai would still be considered strange by human standards.

Relations with ordinary humans

Some humanoid youkai live harmoniously with ordinary humans, especially those who frequent the Human Village. However, there are exceptions, and these youkai build up the tension between the humans and youkai. Youkai typically need humans' fear to live, which range from friendly surprises to assault threats.

Society

Gensokyo youkai tend to live within the wilderness, far away from human settlements. Most youkai are notoriously self-centered and do not travel in groups, but a number of factions exist.

The tengu and kappa have a complex society which lays claim to the upper parts of Youkai Mountain and guards its borders jealously, though it is described by as Ran Yakumo as simply a half-hearted attempt to mimic the Outside World.[5] This society was once led by oni before they migrated to the Underworld. The tengu later formed an alliance with the gods of Moriya Shrine after it was transported to Gensokyo.

The inhabitants of the Scarlet Devil Mansion have been described as living a lifestyle completely different from both youkai and humans.[6]

While Hakugyokurou lies within the Netherworld rather than Gensokyo, travel between the two has become easier in recent years and it is frequently counted among Gensokyo's power blocs.

Various "hated" species of youkai such as satori, tsuchigumo, and oni are found in the Underworld. A treaty with Gensokyo forbids surface youkai from travelling to the Underworld, in exchange for the Underworld youkai agreeing to contain evil spirits left over from the regions that were once part of Hell. Underworld youkai, however, are free to travel to Gensokyo.

The recently-founded Myouren Temple preaches an unusual brand of Buddhism which is friendly to youkai, though many of its regulars are drawn to it for non-religious reasons.

Since her arrival in Gensokyo, Mamizou Futatsuiwa has gathered large numbers of tanuki and tsukumogami to her side.

While she does not hold any position of authority, Yukari Yakumo has negotiated many deals and projects including the Great Hakurei Barrier, and arguably has the most influence of any independent youkai.

Parallel Evolution

In Curiosities of Lotus Asia Chapter 18, Rinnosuke Morichika mentions that the Kappa are often mistaken to be related to the Chinese river youkai/god known as a Kahaku. He tells Sakuya Izayoi that while they may have similar names (And presumably similar in many other ways to the point of being identical), they are two completely different creatures. He states that just because there’s a youkai with a similar name in a country in the outside world, to think that they are the same creature is unreasonable.

This is known in science as parallel evolution. This may also be the case of why Oni and Vampires share portions of their name and have identical weaknesses, while they are clearly two different species of youkai. Because modern science is fairly new, similar supernatural creatures may easily be grouped up as the same thing.

Youkai in Seihou

It's never been explicitly stated in the Seihou Project if Youkai do exist in the world of Seihou. However, there are various possible candidates that could be considered to be in this bestiary because of their unusual characteristics in the series, such as: Muse (because she stylises in magic and may either be a god, devil or vampire), Yuitia (because she's a phantom), Vivit and Icarus. Although she's a Touhou Project character, Yuuka Kazami is the only character to be stated as a youkai within the series.

Characters under this Bestiary

While the majority of characters in Touhou are youkai, in most cases they are placed in an explicit subcategory. The following are characters who have been identified only as youkai, with their exact "species" being either unique or unstated.

Books and articles

See Also

References

  1. Forbidden Scrollery chapter 25
  2. Eastern and Little Nature Deity: Fairy of the Moon
  3. Cage in Lunatic Runagate: Fifth Chapter. "Under the dim light of the moon, all sorts of things blanket the Earth in shadows, such as grasses, trees, mountains, rocks and buildings. With light as weak as moonlight, it is impossible to eliminate these shadows. And they are the birthplace of humanity's fears, sometimes creating legends of youkai. In a manner of speaking, the moon gave birth to all youkai."
  4. Imperishable Night: Scarlet Team's Scenario. "The moon gave many powers to beings of the earth. Many of them, such as magic, were originally the moon's power." "We of the moon turned some on the Earth to monsters, to regulate their filthiness..." Although "monster" uses different Japanese characters than what's used for "youkai", Kaguya's latter statement appears to be referring to youkai, as she then comments about how the humans sealed them away (Gensokyo's creation and/or the myriad of other ways that humanity sealed or lost the fear of the youkai).
  5. Silent Sinner in Blue Chapter 3
  6. Perfect Memento in Strict Sense